Expression of innate immune response genes in upper airway samples of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients: A preliminary study.

Background & objectives: Upper respiratory mucosa is the entryway for SARS-CoV-2, and cells at this site form the first line of resistance against the pathogens. Innate immune response at this point is crucial for managing the replication and early stage symptoms of virus infection. This study was aimed to evaluate the expression of pattern recognition receptors and cytokines in upper airway cells of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Methods: Forty seven nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) specimens from 25 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and 22 SARS-CoV-2 negative individuals were investigated for expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs), melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), NOD-like receptors family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), interleukin (IL) - 6, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and type-1 interferons (IFNs) by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: Increased expression of TLR2, MDA5 and ACE2 was detected in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients in comparison with controls. MDA5 expression was significantly higher in asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 positive patients than the patients with severe symptoms. The asymptomatic group showed significant induction of type 1 IFNs than the symptomatic group. Non-specific induction of TLR7 could be observed in nasopharyngeal (NP) cells irrespective of symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 positivity. Interpretation & conclusions: The findings suggest that increased MDA5 in NP cells of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 positive patients may subsequently induce type 1 IFNs to protect the individuals from further clinical severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. A future prospective study in NPS of larger cohort needs to be performed to confirm our findings.